2022
Gray, Colin M; Hasib, Aiza; Li, Ziqing; Chivukula, Shruthi Sai
Using decisive constraints to create design methods that guide ethical impact Journal Article
In: Design Studies, vol. 79, pp. 101097, 2022, ISSN: 0142-694X.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{Gray2022-kv,
title = {Using decisive constraints to create design methods that guide ethical impact},
author = {Colin M Gray and Aiza Hasib and Ziqing Li and Shruthi Sai Chivukula},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X22000175},
doi = {10.1016/j.destud.2022.101097},
issn = {0142-694X},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-03-01},
urldate = {2022-03-01},
journal = {Design Studies},
volume = {79},
pages = {101097},
abstract = {Numerous methods have been designed to aid practitioners in
identifying ethical concerns, imagining potential futures,
defining values, and evaluating existing systems. However, there
is little scholarship that addresses the design of these methods,
including how ethical concerns are operationalized in these
methods. In this paper, we report results of an interview study
with twelve ethics-focused method designers, investigating their
process of instigating, creating, and disseminating their method.
We conducted a top-down thematic analysis using the Biskjaer and
Halskov framework of decisive constraints, identifying intrinsic,
extrinsic, and self-imposed constraints alongside iterative and
evaluative resonance-seeking activities. This analysis provides a
rich conceptual vocabulary to better describe the design of
methods for ethical impact from the perspective of researchers
and practitioners.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Numerous methods have been designed to aid practitioners in
identifying ethical concerns, imagining potential futures,
defining values, and evaluating existing systems. However, there
is little scholarship that addresses the design of these methods,
including how ethical concerns are operationalized in these
methods. In this paper, we report results of an interview study
with twelve ethics-focused method designers, investigating their
process of instigating, creating, and disseminating their method.
We conducted a top-down thematic analysis using the Biskjaer and
Halskov framework of decisive constraints, identifying intrinsic,
extrinsic, and self-imposed constraints alongside iterative and
evaluative resonance-seeking activities. This analysis provides a
rich conceptual vocabulary to better describe the design of
methods for ethical impact from the perspective of researchers
and practitioners.
identifying ethical concerns, imagining potential futures,
defining values, and evaluating existing systems. However, there
is little scholarship that addresses the design of these methods,
including how ethical concerns are operationalized in these
methods. In this paper, we report results of an interview study
with twelve ethics-focused method designers, investigating their
process of instigating, creating, and disseminating their method.
We conducted a top-down thematic analysis using the Biskjaer and
Halskov framework of decisive constraints, identifying intrinsic,
extrinsic, and self-imposed constraints alongside iterative and
evaluative resonance-seeking activities. This analysis provides a
rich conceptual vocabulary to better describe the design of
methods for ethical impact from the perspective of researchers
and practitioners.
Gray, Colin M
Languaging design methods Journal Article
In: Design Studies, vol. 78, pp. 101076, 2022, ISSN: 0142-694X.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{Gray2022-na,
title = {Languaging design methods},
author = {Colin M Gray},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X21000879},
doi = {10.1016/j.destud.2021.101076},
issn = {0142-694X},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Design Studies},
volume = {78},
pages = {101076},
abstract = {Design methods have been integral to design studies research,
with initial goals of bringing rationality and objectivity to
design activities, later shifting to the creation and provision
of methods as tools to encourage more reflective, meaningful, and
socially responsible design practices. However, little research
exists that describes how methods are created, what knowledge is
used to inform this creation, or connects elements of methods to
performance by designers. In this research note, I describe
performative, codification-oriented, and presentation-oriented
stances towards design methods, articulating a vocabulary that
languages aspects of methods. I describe areas where this
vocabulary may support design researchers, including building new
design methods, informing descriptive accounts of methods in use,
and supporting the creation of a theory of method.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Design methods have been integral to design studies research,
with initial goals of bringing rationality and objectivity to
design activities, later shifting to the creation and provision
of methods as tools to encourage more reflective, meaningful, and
socially responsible design practices. However, little research
exists that describes how methods are created, what knowledge is
used to inform this creation, or connects elements of methods to
performance by designers. In this research note, I describe
performative, codification-oriented, and presentation-oriented
stances towards design methods, articulating a vocabulary that
languages aspects of methods. I describe areas where this
vocabulary may support design researchers, including building new
design methods, informing descriptive accounts of methods in use,
and supporting the creation of a theory of method.
with initial goals of bringing rationality and objectivity to
design activities, later shifting to the creation and provision
of methods as tools to encourage more reflective, meaningful, and
socially responsible design practices. However, little research
exists that describes how methods are created, what knowledge is
used to inform this creation, or connects elements of methods to
performance by designers. In this research note, I describe
performative, codification-oriented, and presentation-oriented
stances towards design methods, articulating a vocabulary that
languages aspects of methods. I describe areas where this
vocabulary may support design researchers, including building new
design methods, informing descriptive accounts of methods in use,
and supporting the creation of a theory of method.
2021
Gray, Colin M; Chivukula, Shruthi Sai; Melkey, Kassandra; Manocha, Rhea
Understanding "dark" design roles in computing education Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, ÄCM, Virtual Event USA, 2021, ISBN: 9781450383264.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@inproceedings{Gray2021-gl,
title = {Understanding "dark" design roles in computing education},
author = {Colin M Gray and Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Kassandra Melkey and Rhea Manocha},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3446871.3469754},
doi = {10.1145/3446871.3469754},
isbn = {9781450383264},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-08-01},
urldate = {2021-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on International
Computing Education Research},
publisher = {ÄCM},
address = {Virtual Event USA},
abstract = {In conjunction with the increasing ubiquity of technology,
computing educators have identified the need for pedagogical
engagement with ethical awareness and moral reasoning. Typical
approaches to incorporating ethics in computing curricula have
focused primarily on abstract methods, principles, or paradigms
of ethical reasoning, with relatively little focus on examining
and developing students' pragmatic awareness of ethics as
grounded in their everyday work practices. In this paper, we
identify and describe computing students' negotiation of values
as they engage in authentic design problems through a lab
protocol study. We collected data from four groups of three
students each, with each group including participants from
either undergraduate User Experience Design students,
Industrial Engineering students, or a mix of both. We used a
thematic analysis approach to identify the roles that students
took on to address the design prompt. Through our analysis, we
found that the students took on a variety of ``dark'' roles
that resulted in manipulation of the user and prioritization of
stakeholder needs over user needs, with a focus either on
building solutions or building rationale for design decisions.
We found these roles to actively propagate through design
discourses, impacting other designers in ways that frequently
reinforced unethical decision making. Even when students were
aware of ethical concerns based on their educational training,
this awareness did not consistently result in ethically-sound
decisions. These findings indicate the need for additional
ethical supports to inform everyday computing practice,
including means of actively identifying and balancing negative
societal impacts of design decisions. The roles we have
identified may productively support the development of
pragmatically-focused ethical training in computing education,
while adding more precision to future analysis of computing
student discourses and outputs.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In conjunction with the increasing ubiquity of technology,
computing educators have identified the need for pedagogical
engagement with ethical awareness and moral reasoning. Typical
approaches to incorporating ethics in computing curricula have
focused primarily on abstract methods, principles, or paradigms
of ethical reasoning, with relatively little focus on examining
and developing students' pragmatic awareness of ethics as
grounded in their everyday work practices. In this paper, we
identify and describe computing students' negotiation of values
as they engage in authentic design problems through a lab
protocol study. We collected data from four groups of three
students each, with each group including participants from
either undergraduate User Experience Design students,
Industrial Engineering students, or a mix of both. We used a
thematic analysis approach to identify the roles that students
took on to address the design prompt. Through our analysis, we
found that the students took on a variety of ``dark'' roles
that resulted in manipulation of the user and prioritization of
stakeholder needs over user needs, with a focus either on
building solutions or building rationale for design decisions.
We found these roles to actively propagate through design
discourses, impacting other designers in ways that frequently
reinforced unethical decision making. Even when students were
aware of ethical concerns based on their educational training,
this awareness did not consistently result in ethically-sound
decisions. These findings indicate the need for additional
ethical supports to inform everyday computing practice,
including means of actively identifying and balancing negative
societal impacts of design decisions. The roles we have
identified may productively support the development of
pragmatically-focused ethical training in computing education,
while adding more precision to future analysis of computing
student discourses and outputs.
computing educators have identified the need for pedagogical
engagement with ethical awareness and moral reasoning. Typical
approaches to incorporating ethics in computing curricula have
focused primarily on abstract methods, principles, or paradigms
of ethical reasoning, with relatively little focus on examining
and developing students' pragmatic awareness of ethics as
grounded in their everyday work practices. In this paper, we
identify and describe computing students' negotiation of values
as they engage in authentic design problems through a lab
protocol study. We collected data from four groups of three
students each, with each group including participants from
either undergraduate User Experience Design students,
Industrial Engineering students, or a mix of both. We used a
thematic analysis approach to identify the roles that students
took on to address the design prompt. Through our analysis, we
found that the students took on a variety of ``dark'' roles
that resulted in manipulation of the user and prioritization of
stakeholder needs over user needs, with a focus either on
building solutions or building rationale for design decisions.
We found these roles to actively propagate through design
discourses, impacting other designers in ways that frequently
reinforced unethical decision making. Even when students were
aware of ethical concerns based on their educational training,
this awareness did not consistently result in ethically-sound
decisions. These findings indicate the need for additional
ethical supports to inform everyday computing practice,
including means of actively identifying and balancing negative
societal impacts of design decisions. The roles we have
identified may productively support the development of
pragmatically-focused ethical training in computing education,
while adding more precision to future analysis of computing
student discourses and outputs.
Chivukula, Shruthi Sai; Hasib, Aiza; Li, Ziqing; Chen, Jingle; Gray, Colin M
Identity Claims that Underlie Ethical Awareness and Action Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@inproceedings{Chivukula2021-oj,
title = {Identity Claims that Underlie Ethical Awareness and Action},
author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Aiza Hasib and Ziqing Li and Jingle Chen and Colin M Gray},
doi = {10.1145/3411764.3445375},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-05-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems},
series = {CHI'21},
abstract = {HCI and STS researchers have previously described the ethical
complexity of practice, drawing together aspects of
organizational complexity, design knowledge, and ethical
frameworks. Building on this work, we investigate the identity
claims and beliefs that impact practitioners' ability to
recognize and act upon ethical concerns in a range of
technology-focused disciplines. In this paper, we report results
from an interview study with 12 practitioners, identifying and
describing their identity claims related to ethical awareness
and action. We conducted a critically-focused thematic analysis
to identify eight distinct claims representing roles relating to
learning, educating, following policies, feeling a sense of
responsibility, being a member of a profession, a translator, an
activist, and deliberative. Based on our findings, we
demonstrate how the claims foreground building competence in
relation to ethical practice. We highlight the dynamic interplay
among these claims and point towards implications for identity
work in socio-technical contexts.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
HCI and STS researchers have previously described the ethical
complexity of practice, drawing together aspects of
organizational complexity, design knowledge, and ethical
frameworks. Building on this work, we investigate the identity
claims and beliefs that impact practitioners' ability to
recognize and act upon ethical concerns in a range of
technology-focused disciplines. In this paper, we report results
from an interview study with 12 practitioners, identifying and
describing their identity claims related to ethical awareness
and action. We conducted a critically-focused thematic analysis
to identify eight distinct claims representing roles relating to
learning, educating, following policies, feeling a sense of
responsibility, being a member of a profession, a translator, an
activist, and deliberative. Based on our findings, we
demonstrate how the claims foreground building competence in
relation to ethical practice. We highlight the dynamic interplay
among these claims and point towards implications for identity
work in socio-technical contexts.
complexity of practice, drawing together aspects of
organizational complexity, design knowledge, and ethical
frameworks. Building on this work, we investigate the identity
claims and beliefs that impact practitioners' ability to
recognize and act upon ethical concerns in a range of
technology-focused disciplines. In this paper, we report results
from an interview study with 12 practitioners, identifying and
describing their identity claims related to ethical awareness
and action. We conducted a critically-focused thematic analysis
to identify eight distinct claims representing roles relating to
learning, educating, following policies, feeling a sense of
responsibility, being a member of a profession, a translator, an
activist, and deliberative. Based on our findings, we
demonstrate how the claims foreground building competence in
relation to ethical practice. We highlight the dynamic interplay
among these claims and point towards implications for identity
work in socio-technical contexts.
Gray, Colin M; Santos, Cristiana; Bielova, Nataliia; Toth, Michael; Clifford, Damian
Dark Patterns and the Legal Requirements of Consent Banners: An Interaction Criticism Perspective Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ÄCM Press", 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@inproceedings{Gray2021-zf,
title = {Dark Patterns and the Legal Requirements of Consent Banners: An
Interaction Criticism Perspective},
author = {Colin M Gray and Cristiana Santos and Nataliia Bielova and Michael Toth and Damian Clifford},
doi = {10.1145/3411764.3445779},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-05-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems},
publisher = {ÄCM Press"},
series = {CHI'21},
abstract = {Üser engagement with data privacy and security through consent
banners has become a ubiquitous part of interacting with
internet services. While previous work has addressed consent
banners from either interaction design, legal, and
ethics-focused perspectives, little research addresses the
connections among multiple disciplinary approaches, including
tensions and opportunities that transcend disciplinary
boundaries. In this paper, we draw together perspectives and
commentary from HCI, design, privacy and data protection, and
legal research communities, using the language and strategies of
``dark patterns'' to perform an interaction criticism reading of
three different types of consent banners. Our analysis builds
upon designer, interface, user, and social context lenses to
raise tensions and synergies that arise together in complex,
contingent, and conflicting ways in the act of designing consent
banners. We conclude with opportunities for transdisciplinary
dialogue across legal, ethical, computer science, and
interactive systems scholarship to translate matters of ethical
concern into public policy."},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Üser engagement with data privacy and security through consent
banners has become a ubiquitous part of interacting with
internet services. While previous work has addressed consent
banners from either interaction design, legal, and
ethics-focused perspectives, little research addresses the
connections among multiple disciplinary approaches, including
tensions and opportunities that transcend disciplinary
boundaries. In this paper, we draw together perspectives and
commentary from HCI, design, privacy and data protection, and
legal research communities, using the language and strategies of
``dark patterns'' to perform an interaction criticism reading of
three different types of consent banners. Our analysis builds
upon designer, interface, user, and social context lenses to
raise tensions and synergies that arise together in complex,
contingent, and conflicting ways in the act of designing consent
banners. We conclude with opportunities for transdisciplinary
dialogue across legal, ethical, computer science, and
interactive systems scholarship to translate matters of ethical
concern into public policy."
banners has become a ubiquitous part of interacting with
internet services. While previous work has addressed consent
banners from either interaction design, legal, and
ethics-focused perspectives, little research addresses the
connections among multiple disciplinary approaches, including
tensions and opportunities that transcend disciplinary
boundaries. In this paper, we draw together perspectives and
commentary from HCI, design, privacy and data protection, and
legal research communities, using the language and strategies of
``dark patterns'' to perform an interaction criticism reading of
three different types of consent banners. Our analysis builds
upon designer, interface, user, and social context lenses to
raise tensions and synergies that arise together in complex,
contingent, and conflicting ways in the act of designing consent
banners. We conclude with opportunities for transdisciplinary
dialogue across legal, ethical, computer science, and
interactive systems scholarship to translate matters of ethical
concern into public policy."
Chivukula, Shruthi Sai; Li, Ziqing; Pivonka, Anne C; Chen, Jingning; Gray, Colin M
Surveying the Landscape of Ethics-Focused Design Methods Journal Article
In: 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{Chivukula2021-xk,
title = {Surveying the Landscape of Ethics-Focused Design Methods},
author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Ziqing Li and Anne C Pivonka and Jingning Chen and Colin M Gray},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.08909},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-02-01},
abstract = {Över the past decade, HCI researchers, design researchers,
and practitioners have increasingly addressed ethics-focused
issues through a range of theoretical, methodological and
pragmatic contributions to the field. While many forms of
design knowledge have been proposed and described, we focus
explicitly on knowledge that has been codified as
``methods,'' which we define as any supports for everyday
work practices of designers. In this paper, we identify,
analyze, and map a collection of 63 existing ethics-focused
methods intentionally designed for ethical impact. We
present a content analysis, providing a descriptive record
of how they operationalize ethics, their intended audience
or context of use, their ``core'' or ``script,'' and the
means by which these methods are formulated, articulated,
and languaged. Building on these results, we provide an
initial definition of ethics-focused methods, identifying
potential opportunities for the development of future
methods to support design practice and research."},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Över the past decade, HCI researchers, design researchers,
and practitioners have increasingly addressed ethics-focused
issues through a range of theoretical, methodological and
pragmatic contributions to the field. While many forms of
design knowledge have been proposed and described, we focus
explicitly on knowledge that has been codified as
``methods,'' which we define as any supports for everyday
work practices of designers. In this paper, we identify,
analyze, and map a collection of 63 existing ethics-focused
methods intentionally designed for ethical impact. We
present a content analysis, providing a descriptive record
of how they operationalize ethics, their intended audience
or context of use, their ``core'' or ``script,'' and the
means by which these methods are formulated, articulated,
and languaged. Building on these results, we provide an
initial definition of ethics-focused methods, identifying
potential opportunities for the development of future
methods to support design practice and research."
and practitioners have increasingly addressed ethics-focused
issues through a range of theoretical, methodological and
pragmatic contributions to the field. While many forms of
design knowledge have been proposed and described, we focus
explicitly on knowledge that has been codified as
``methods,'' which we define as any supports for everyday
work practices of designers. In this paper, we identify,
analyze, and map a collection of 63 existing ethics-focused
methods intentionally designed for ethical impact. We
present a content analysis, providing a descriptive record
of how they operationalize ethics, their intended audience
or context of use, their ``core'' or ``script,'' and the
means by which these methods are formulated, articulated,
and languaged. Building on these results, we provide an
initial definition of ethics-focused methods, identifying
potential opportunities for the development of future
methods to support design practice and research."
Gray, Colin M; Chen, Jingle; Chivukula, Shruthi Sai; Qu, Liyang
End User Accounts of Dark Patterns as Felt Manipulation Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 5, no. CSCW2, pp. Ärticle 372", 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{Gray2021-jv,
title = {End User Accounts of Dark Patterns as Felt Manipulation},
author = {Colin M Gray and Jingle Chen and Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Liyang Qu},
doi = {10.1145/3479516},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
volume = {5},
number = {CSCW2},
pages = {Ärticle 372"},
abstract = {Manipulation defines many of our experiences as a consumer,
including subtle nudges and overt advertising campaigns that seek
to gain our attention and money. With the advent of digital
services that can continuously optimize online experiences to
favor stakeholder requirements, increasingly designers and
developers make use of ``dark patterns''---forms of manipulation
that prey on human psychology---to encourage certain behaviors
and discourage others in ways that present unequal value to the
end user. In this paper, we provide an account of end user
perceptions of manipulation that builds on and extends notions of
dark patterns. We report on the results of a survey of users conducted in English and Mandarin Chinese (n=169), including
follow-up interviews from nine survey respondents. We used a card
sorting method to support thematic analysis of responses from
each cultural context, identifying both qualitatively-supported
insights to describe end users' felt experiences of manipulative
products, and a continuum of manipulation. We further support
this analysis through a quantitative analysis of survey results
and the presentation of vignettes from the interviews. We
conclude with implications for future research, considerations
for public policy, and guidance on how to further empower and
give users autonomy in their experiences with digital services.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Manipulation defines many of our experiences as a consumer,
including subtle nudges and overt advertising campaigns that seek
to gain our attention and money. With the advent of digital
services that can continuously optimize online experiences to
favor stakeholder requirements, increasingly designers and
developers make use of ``dark patterns''---forms of manipulation
that prey on human psychology---to encourage certain behaviors
and discourage others in ways that present unequal value to the
end user. In this paper, we provide an account of end user
perceptions of manipulation that builds on and extends notions of
dark patterns. We report on the results of a survey of users conducted in English and Mandarin Chinese (n=169), including
follow-up interviews from nine survey respondents. We used a card
sorting method to support thematic analysis of responses from
each cultural context, identifying both qualitatively-supported
insights to describe end users' felt experiences of manipulative
products, and a continuum of manipulation. We further support
this analysis through a quantitative analysis of survey results
and the presentation of vignettes from the interviews. We
conclude with implications for future research, considerations
for public policy, and guidance on how to further empower and
give users autonomy in their experiences with digital services.
including subtle nudges and overt advertising campaigns that seek
to gain our attention and money. With the advent of digital
services that can continuously optimize online experiences to
favor stakeholder requirements, increasingly designers and
developers make use of ``dark patterns''---forms of manipulation
that prey on human psychology---to encourage certain behaviors
and discourage others in ways that present unequal value to the
end user. In this paper, we provide an account of end user
perceptions of manipulation that builds on and extends notions of
dark patterns. We report on the results of a survey of users conducted in English and Mandarin Chinese (n=169), including
follow-up interviews from nine survey respondents. We used a card
sorting method to support thematic analysis of responses from
each cultural context, identifying both qualitatively-supported
insights to describe end users' felt experiences of manipulative
products, and a continuum of manipulation. We further support
this analysis through a quantitative analysis of survey results
and the presentation of vignettes from the interviews. We
conclude with implications for future research, considerations
for public policy, and guidance on how to further empower and
give users autonomy in their experiences with digital services.
Gray, Colin M; Chivukula, Shruthi Sai
"That's dastardly ingenious": Ethical Argumentation Strategies on Reddit Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 4, no. CSCW1, pp. 70, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{Gray2021-xj,
title = {"That's dastardly ingenious": Ethical Argumentation Strategies on Reddit},
author = {Colin M Gray and Shruthi Sai Chivukula},
doi = {10.1145/3449144},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
volume = {4},
number = {CSCW1},
pages = {70},
abstract = {Scholars have previously described how online communities engage
in particular discourses and forms of argumentation. In parallel,
HCI and STS researchers have described discourses surrounding
ethics and values and their role in shaping design processes and
outcomes. However, little work has addressed the intersection of
ethical concern and the discourses of non-expert users. In this
paper, we describe the argumentation strategies used by Redditors
on the subreddit `r/assholedesign' as they discuss ethically
problematic design artifacts. We used content and sequence
analysis methods to identify the building blocks of ethical
argumentation in this online community, including ethical
positioning when raising issues of concern, identification of
potential remedies to the original design artifact or issues of
concern, and means of extending or negating these elements.
Through this analysis, we reveal the breadth of ethical
argumentation strategies used ``in-the-wild'' by non-experts,
resulting in an increased awareness of the capacity of community
members to engage in ``everyday ethics'' regardless of specific
ethics training. We describe future opportunities to connect
these ethical argumentation strategies with design practices,
education, and methods.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Scholars have previously described how online communities engage
in particular discourses and forms of argumentation. In parallel,
HCI and STS researchers have described discourses surrounding
ethics and values and their role in shaping design processes and
outcomes. However, little work has addressed the intersection of
ethical concern and the discourses of non-expert users. In this
paper, we describe the argumentation strategies used by Redditors
on the subreddit `r/assholedesign' as they discuss ethically
problematic design artifacts. We used content and sequence
analysis methods to identify the building blocks of ethical
argumentation in this online community, including ethical
positioning when raising issues of concern, identification of
potential remedies to the original design artifact or issues of
concern, and means of extending or negating these elements.
Through this analysis, we reveal the breadth of ethical
argumentation strategies used ``in-the-wild'' by non-experts,
resulting in an increased awareness of the capacity of community
members to engage in ``everyday ethics'' regardless of specific
ethics training. We describe future opportunities to connect
these ethical argumentation strategies with design practices,
education, and methods.
in particular discourses and forms of argumentation. In parallel,
HCI and STS researchers have described discourses surrounding
ethics and values and their role in shaping design processes and
outcomes. However, little work has addressed the intersection of
ethical concern and the discourses of non-expert users. In this
paper, we describe the argumentation strategies used by Redditors
on the subreddit `r/assholedesign' as they discuss ethically
problematic design artifacts. We used content and sequence
analysis methods to identify the building blocks of ethical
argumentation in this online community, including ethical
positioning when raising issues of concern, identification of
potential remedies to the original design artifact or issues of
concern, and means of extending or negating these elements.
Through this analysis, we reveal the breadth of ethical
argumentation strategies used ``in-the-wild'' by non-experts,
resulting in an increased awareness of the capacity of community
members to engage in ``everyday ethics'' regardless of specific
ethics training. We describe future opportunities to connect
these ethical argumentation strategies with design practices,
education, and methods.
2020
Watkins, Chris Rhys; Gray, Colin M; Toombs, Austin L; Parsons, Paul
Tensions in Enacting a Design Philosophy in UX Practice Inproceedings
In: DIS'20: Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2020, ÄCM Press", New York, NY, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@inproceedings{Watkins2020-zr,
title = {Tensions in Enacting a Design Philosophy in UX Practice},
author = {Chris Rhys Watkins and Colin M Gray and Austin L Toombs and Paul Parsons},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395505},
doi = {10.1145/3357236.3395505},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-01},
booktitle = {DIS'20: Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems
Conference 2020},
publisher = {ÄCM Press"},
address = {New York, NY},
series = {DIS'20},
abstract = {Design culture is increasingly present within organizations,
especially with the rise of UX as a profession. Yet there are
often disconnects between the development of a design philosophy
and its translation in practice. Students preparing for UX
careers are positioned in a liminal space between their
educational experience and future practice, and are actively
working to build a bridge between their developing philosophy of
design and the translation of that philosophy when faced with
the complexity of design practice. In this study, we interviewed
ten students and practitioners educated within design-oriented
HCI programs, focusing on their design philosophy and evaluating
how their philosophical beliefs were shaped in practice.
Building on prior work on flows of competence, we thematically
analyzed these interviews, identifying the philosophical beliefs
of these designers and their trajectories of development,
adoption, or suppression in industry. We identify opportunities
for enhancements to UX educational practices and future research
on design complexity in industry contexts.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Design culture is increasingly present within organizations,
especially with the rise of UX as a profession. Yet there are
often disconnects between the development of a design philosophy
and its translation in practice. Students preparing for UX
careers are positioned in a liminal space between their
educational experience and future practice, and are actively
working to build a bridge between their developing philosophy of
design and the translation of that philosophy when faced with
the complexity of design practice. In this study, we interviewed
ten students and practitioners educated within design-oriented
HCI programs, focusing on their design philosophy and evaluating
how their philosophical beliefs were shaped in practice.
Building on prior work on flows of competence, we thematically
analyzed these interviews, identifying the philosophical beliefs
of these designers and their trajectories of development,
adoption, or suppression in industry. We identify opportunities
for enhancements to UX educational practices and future research
on design complexity in industry contexts.
especially with the rise of UX as a profession. Yet there are
often disconnects between the development of a design philosophy
and its translation in practice. Students preparing for UX
careers are positioned in a liminal space between their
educational experience and future practice, and are actively
working to build a bridge between their developing philosophy of
design and the translation of that philosophy when faced with
the complexity of design practice. In this study, we interviewed
ten students and practitioners educated within design-oriented
HCI programs, focusing on their design philosophy and evaluating
how their philosophical beliefs were shaped in practice.
Building on prior work on flows of competence, we thematically
analyzed these interviews, identifying the philosophical beliefs
of these designers and their trajectories of development,
adoption, or suppression in industry. We identify opportunities
for enhancements to UX educational practices and future research
on design complexity in industry contexts.
Gray, Colin M; Chivukula, Shruthi Sai; Lee, Ahreum
What Kind of Work Do "Asshole Designers" Create? Describing Properties of Ethical Concern on Reddit Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference, pp. 61–73, Ässociation for Computing Machinery, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2020, ISBN: 9781450369749.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@inproceedings{Gray2020-zq,
title = {What Kind of Work Do "Asshole Designers" Create? Describing Properties of Ethical Concern on Reddit},
author = {Colin M Gray and Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Ahreum Lee},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395486},
doi = {10.1145/3357236.3395486},
isbn = {9781450369749},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-01},
urldate = {2020-07-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems
Conference},
pages = {61--73},
publisher = {Ässociation for Computing Machinery},
address = {Eindhoven, Netherlands},
series = {DIS '20},
abstract = {Design practitioners are increasingly engaged in describing
ethical complexity in their everyday work, exemplified by
concepts such as ``dark patterns'' and ``dark UX.'' In parallel,
researchers have shown how interactions and discourses in online
communities allow access to the various dimensions of design
complexity in practice. In this paper, we conducted a content
analysis of the subreddit ``/r/assholedesign,'' identifying how
users on Reddit engage in conversation about ethical concerns.
We identify what types of artifacts are shared, and the salient
ethical concerns that community members link with ``asshole''
behaviors. Based on our analysis, we propose properties that
describe ``asshole designers,'' both distinct and in relation to
dark patterns, and point towards an anthropomorphization of
ethics that foregrounds the inscription of designer's values
into designed outcomes. We conclude with opportunities for
further engagement with ethical complexity in online and offline
contexts, stimulating ethics-focused conversations among social
media users and design practitioners.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Design practitioners are increasingly engaged in describing
ethical complexity in their everyday work, exemplified by
concepts such as ``dark patterns'' and ``dark UX.'' In parallel,
researchers have shown how interactions and discourses in online
communities allow access to the various dimensions of design
complexity in practice. In this paper, we conducted a content
analysis of the subreddit ``/r/assholedesign,'' identifying how
users on Reddit engage in conversation about ethical concerns.
We identify what types of artifacts are shared, and the salient
ethical concerns that community members link with ``asshole''
behaviors. Based on our analysis, we propose properties that
describe ``asshole designers,'' both distinct and in relation to
dark patterns, and point towards an anthropomorphization of
ethics that foregrounds the inscription of designer's values
into designed outcomes. We conclude with opportunities for
further engagement with ethical complexity in online and offline
contexts, stimulating ethics-focused conversations among social
media users and design practitioners.
ethical complexity in their everyday work, exemplified by
concepts such as ``dark patterns'' and ``dark UX.'' In parallel,
researchers have shown how interactions and discourses in online
communities allow access to the various dimensions of design
complexity in practice. In this paper, we conducted a content
analysis of the subreddit ``/r/assholedesign,'' identifying how
users on Reddit engage in conversation about ethical concerns.
We identify what types of artifacts are shared, and the salient
ethical concerns that community members link with ``asshole''
behaviors. Based on our analysis, we propose properties that
describe ``asshole designers,'' both distinct and in relation to
dark patterns, and point towards an anthropomorphization of
ethics that foregrounds the inscription of designer's values
into designed outcomes. We conclude with opportunities for
further engagement with ethical complexity in online and offline
contexts, stimulating ethics-focused conversations among social
media users and design practitioners.
Chivukula, Shruthi Sai; Watkins, Chris Rhys; Manocha, Rhea; Chen, Jingle; Gray, Colin M
Dimensions of UX Practice that Shape Ethical Awareness Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13, Ässociation for Computing Machinery, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2020, ISBN: 9781450367080.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@inproceedings{Chivukula2020-bv,
title = {Dimensions of UX Practice that Shape Ethical Awareness},
author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Chris Rhys Watkins and Rhea Manocha and Jingle Chen and Colin M Gray},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376459},
doi = {10.1145/3313831.3376459},
isbn = {9781450367080},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-04-01},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems},
pages = {1--13},
publisher = {Ässociation for Computing Machinery},
address = {Honolulu, HI, USA},
series = {CHI '20},
abstract = {HCI researchers are increasingly interested in describing the
complexity of design practice, including ethical,
organizational, and societal concerns. Recent studies have
identified individual practitioners as key actors in driving the
design process and culture within their respective
organizations, and we build upon these efforts to reveal
practitioner concerns regarding ethics on their own terms. In
this paper, we report on the results of an interview study with
eleven UX practitioners, capturing their experiences that
highlight dimensions of design practice that impact ethical
awareness and action. Using a bottom-up thematic analysis, we
identified five dimensions of design complexity that influence
ethical outcomes and span individual, collaborative, and
methodological framing of UX activity. Based on these findings,
we propose a set of implications for the creation of
ethically-centered design methods that resonate with this
complexity and inform the education of future UX practitioners.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
HCI researchers are increasingly interested in describing the
complexity of design practice, including ethical,
organizational, and societal concerns. Recent studies have
identified individual practitioners as key actors in driving the
design process and culture within their respective
organizations, and we build upon these efforts to reveal
practitioner concerns regarding ethics on their own terms. In
this paper, we report on the results of an interview study with
eleven UX practitioners, capturing their experiences that
highlight dimensions of design practice that impact ethical
awareness and action. Using a bottom-up thematic analysis, we
identified five dimensions of design complexity that influence
ethical outcomes and span individual, collaborative, and
methodological framing of UX activity. Based on these findings,
we propose a set of implications for the creation of
ethically-centered design methods that resonate with this
complexity and inform the education of future UX practitioners.
complexity of design practice, including ethical,
organizational, and societal concerns. Recent studies have
identified individual practitioners as key actors in driving the
design process and culture within their respective
organizations, and we build upon these efforts to reveal
practitioner concerns regarding ethics on their own terms. In
this paper, we report on the results of an interview study with
eleven UX practitioners, capturing their experiences that
highlight dimensions of design practice that impact ethical
awareness and action. Using a bottom-up thematic analysis, we
identified five dimensions of design complexity that influence
ethical outcomes and span individual, collaborative, and
methodological framing of UX activity. Based on these findings,
we propose a set of implications for the creation of
ethically-centered design methods that resonate with this
complexity and inform the education of future UX practitioners.
Chivukula, Shruthi Sai; Gray, Colin M
Co-Evolving Towards Evil Design Outcomes: Mapping Problem and Solution Process Moves Inproceedings
In: DRS Biennial Conference Series, Design Research Society, Brisbane, Australia, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@inproceedings{Chivukula2020-ai,
title = {Co-Evolving Towards Evil Design Outcomes: Mapping Problem and
Solution Process Moves},
author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Colin M Gray},
url = {https://dl.designresearchsociety.org/drs-conference-papers/drs2020/researchpapers/2/},
doi = {10.21606/drs.2020.107},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {DRS Biennial Conference Series},
publisher = {Design Research Society},
address = {Brisbane, Australia},
abstract = {Creative outcomes require designers to continuously frame the
problem space and generate solutions, resulting in the
co-evolution of problem and solution. Little work has addressed
the value dimensions of design activity with regard to this
co-evolutionary process and the role of the designer in acting
upon specific and value-laden framings and/or solutions. In this
paper, we identify how triads of student designers from user
experience (UX) and industrial engineering (IE) disciplines
frame the problem space and generate solutions, foregrounding
the ethical character of their judgments in response to an
ethically-nuanced design task. Using sequence analysis to
analyze the lab protocol data, we describe the frequency and
interconnectedness of process moves that lead the design team
towards unethical outcomes. Based on our findings, we call for
additional attention to ethical dimensions of problem-solution
co-evolution, and identify key interaction patterns among
designers that lead towards unethical outcomes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Creative outcomes require designers to continuously frame the
problem space and generate solutions, resulting in the
co-evolution of problem and solution. Little work has addressed
the value dimensions of design activity with regard to this
co-evolutionary process and the role of the designer in acting
upon specific and value-laden framings and/or solutions. In this
paper, we identify how triads of student designers from user
experience (UX) and industrial engineering (IE) disciplines
frame the problem space and generate solutions, foregrounding
the ethical character of their judgments in response to an
ethically-nuanced design task. Using sequence analysis to
analyze the lab protocol data, we describe the frequency and
interconnectedness of process moves that lead the design team
towards unethical outcomes. Based on our findings, we call for
additional attention to ethical dimensions of problem-solution
co-evolution, and identify key interaction patterns among
designers that lead towards unethical outcomes.
problem space and generate solutions, resulting in the
co-evolution of problem and solution. Little work has addressed
the value dimensions of design activity with regard to this
co-evolutionary process and the role of the designer in acting
upon specific and value-laden framings and/or solutions. In this
paper, we identify how triads of student designers from user
experience (UX) and industrial engineering (IE) disciplines
frame the problem space and generate solutions, foregrounding
the ethical character of their judgments in response to an
ethically-nuanced design task. Using sequence analysis to
analyze the lab protocol data, we describe the frequency and
interconnectedness of process moves that lead the design team
towards unethical outcomes. Based on our findings, we call for
additional attention to ethical dimensions of problem-solution
co-evolution, and identify key interaction patterns among
designers that lead towards unethical outcomes.
Chivukula, Shruthi Sai; Gray, Colin M
Bardzell's "Feminist HCI" Legacy: Analyzing Citational Patterns Inproceedings
In: CHI '20: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts Proceedings, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@inproceedings{Chivukula2020-dv,
title = {Bardzell's "Feminist HCI" Legacy: Analyzing Citational Patterns},
author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Colin M Gray},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3382936},
doi = {10.1145/3334480.3382936},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {CHI '20: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems Extended Abstracts Proceedings},
abstract = {In this late-breaking work, we describe the legacy of feminist
theory within HCI literature, focusing on Shaowen Bardzell's
seminal publication ``Feminist HCI: Taking Stock and Outlining
an Agenda for Design,'' which was one of the first to propose
adoption of feminist theories into HCI re-search and practice.
We conducted a citation analysis of 70published texts that cited
this paper, using the Harwood functions to identify how feminist
theory concepts have been cited in HCI and whether the
implementation of pro-posed frameworks has taken place. This
paper was mostly given `credit,' and most frequently
`signposted' to keep readers on track of the topical issues in
HCI, with little evidence of explicit use or extension of
proposed frameworks. These results demonstrate a largely
one-dimensional impact, characterized by a lack of deep
engagement in feminist theories. We identify opportunities to
expand feminist approach to further improve research and
practice in HCI.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this late-breaking work, we describe the legacy of feminist
theory within HCI literature, focusing on Shaowen Bardzell's
seminal publication ``Feminist HCI: Taking Stock and Outlining
an Agenda for Design,'' which was one of the first to propose
adoption of feminist theories into HCI re-search and practice.
We conducted a citation analysis of 70published texts that cited
this paper, using the Harwood functions to identify how feminist
theory concepts have been cited in HCI and whether the
implementation of pro-posed frameworks has taken place. This
paper was mostly given `credit,' and most frequently
`signposted' to keep readers on track of the topical issues in
HCI, with little evidence of explicit use or extension of
proposed frameworks. These results demonstrate a largely
one-dimensional impact, characterized by a lack of deep
engagement in feminist theories. We identify opportunities to
expand feminist approach to further improve research and
practice in HCI.
theory within HCI literature, focusing on Shaowen Bardzell's
seminal publication ``Feminist HCI: Taking Stock and Outlining
an Agenda for Design,'' which was one of the first to propose
adoption of feminist theories into HCI re-search and practice.
We conducted a citation analysis of 70published texts that cited
this paper, using the Harwood functions to identify how feminist
theory concepts have been cited in HCI and whether the
implementation of pro-posed frameworks has taken place. This
paper was mostly given `credit,' and most frequently
`signposted' to keep readers on track of the topical issues in
HCI, with little evidence of explicit use or extension of
proposed frameworks. These results demonstrate a largely
one-dimensional impact, characterized by a lack of deep
engagement in feminist theories. We identify opportunities to
expand feminist approach to further improve research and
practice in HCI.